Comparación de las expectativas académicas de universitarios colombianos de primer año según el nivel de escolaridad de los padres

Introducción: Las expectativas académicas representan aquello que los estudiantes esperan alcanzar durante su formación y son un factor predictivo del desempeño académico y social. Estas expectativas académicas son moldeadas por los padres, luego la educación de estos es una variable importante en el desarrollo académico de los hijos. Si bien los progenitores proyectan sus anhelos sobre sus hijos, los motivan a tener altos niveles de aspiración y son los responsables de crear ambientes intelectualmente más estimulantes; el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las diferencias en las expectativas académicas de una muestra de estudiantes, según el nivel de escolaridad de sus padres. Método: Esta investigación contó con la participación de 261 estudiantes colombianos universitarios quienes están cursando su primer año de pregrado, entre los 16 y 54 años (media=21,9). Para este estudio se utilizó el Cuestionario de percepciones académicas-expectativas (CPA-E; Deaño et al., 2015); se obtuvieron los puntajes de cada participante, junto con sus datos sociodemográficos que estipulaban el nivel de escolaridad de los padres, y se llevaron a cabo los análisis descriptivos de cada grupo, y los análisis de varianza unidireccional (ANOVA). Resultados: Las expectativas académicas de los estudiantes con ambos padres sin educación superior (media = 189.176), se encuentran por debajo de la media, siendo significativamente diferentes a los puntajes de expectativas académicas de individuos con uno (media = 202.050) o ambos padres con estudios superiores (media = 204.286, p < 0,001). Discusión: Se demuestra la relevancia y necesidad del acceso a la educación para la mayoría de la población colombiana, entendiendo que este es un factor influyente en las expectativas académicas de una persona, y que debe tenerse un acompañamiento diferencial a los estudiantes con padres sin formación profesional.

Introduction: Academic expectations represent what students hope to achieve during their training and are a predictor of academic and social performance. These academic expectations are shaped by the parents, therefore their education is an important variable in the academic development of the children. Although parents project their aspirations on their children, motivate them to have high levels of aspiration and are responsible for creating more intellectually stimulating environments, the objective of this study was to identify the differences in the academic expectations of a sample of students, according to the level of education of their parents. Method: This research had the participation of 261 Colombian university students who are studying their first year of undergraduate, between the ages of 16 and 54 (mean = 21,9). For this study, the Academic Perceptions-Expectations Questionnaire (CPA-E; Deaño et al., 2015), was used, the scores of each participant were obtained, together with their sociodemographic data stipulating the parents' level of education, and descriptive data and one-way variance (ANOVA) analyzes were done. Results: The academic expectations of students with both parents without higher education (mean= 189.176), are below the average, being significantly different from the academic expectations scores of individuals with one (mean= 202.050) or both parents with higher education (mean= 204.286, p < 0,001). Discussion: The relevance and need of access to education for most of the Colombian population is demonstrated, understanding that this is an influential factor in the academic expectations of a person, and that there must be differential support for students with parents without training professional.

Relación entre modelos operantes internos y nivel educacional materno, con la teoría de la mente en niños chilenos de 3 y 4 años: rol mediador del lenguaje mentalizante materno / Relationship between Internal Working Models and Maternal Educational Level, with the Theory of Mind of Chilean Children Aged 3 and 4: Mediating Role of Maternal Mentalizing Language

Resumen La teoría de la mente (ToM) es la capacidad de reconocer los propios estados mentales y predecir los de otros, habilidad fundamental en el desarrollo socioemocional/cognitivo en preescolares. El presente estudio buscó describir la ToM de niños chilenos de 3 y 4 años, analizar las diferencias en su desarrollo según la edad y el rol mediador del lenguaje mentalizante (LM) materno, considerando el sexo de los niños, los modelos operantes internos (MOI) y el nivel educacional materno. La muestra fueron 110 niños con sus madres. Se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico, pruebas para evaluar la ToM, el LM y los MOI de las madres. Un 50.9% de los niños se ubicó en el quintil 1 de la ToM y ninguno logró llegar al quinto. Las habilidades de la ToM con un mayor nivel de logro diferenciaron entre pretender y realidad (60.0%) y la de diferenciar la perspectiva visual propia y de otro (50.9%). Un 59.1 % de los niños no logró inferir deseos a través de la mirada, un 83.6% no logró la habilidad de acceso al conocimiento, y un 100% no logró la falsa creencia. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas entre niños de distintos rangos etarios en el desarrollo de la ToM, sugiriendo una creciente dificultad de adquisición de sus habilidades. Además, un mayor LM de las madres se relacionó con mayor desarrollo de la ToM en los niños, con un rol mediador en la influencia de los MOI y nivel educacional materno sobre la ToM.

Abstract The theory of mind (ToM) is the ability to recognize one's own mental states and infer them in others, fundamental in socio-emotional/cognitive development in preschoolers. This study sought to describe the ToM of 3- and 4-year-old Chilean children, to analyze the differences in their development according to age, and the mediating role of maternal mentalizing language (ML) considering the sex of the children, the internal working models (IWM) and maternal educational level. The sample considered 110 children with their mothers. A sociodemographic questionnaire, tests to evaluate the ToM, the ML and the IWM of the mothers were applied. 50.9% of the children were in quintile 1 of the ToM and none managed to reach the fifth. The ToM skills with a higher level of achievement were differentiating between pretending and reality (60.0%) and differentiating one's own visual perspective and another's (50.9%). 59.1 % of the children did not manage to infer wishes through the gaze, 83.6% did not achieve the ability to access knowledge, and 100% did not achieve the false belief. The results show significant differences between children of different age ranges in the development of ToM, suggesting a growing difficulty in acquiring their skills. In addition, a higher ML in mothers was related to a greater development of ToM in children, with a mediating role in the influence of IWM and maternal educational level on ToM.

The association between blood glucose levels of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and parental educational levels based on mobile health APP / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To explore the correlation between blood glucose level and parental education level in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) based on mobile health APP.Methods:The data of T1DM children enrolled in China′s T1DM registration management program and registered to use TangTangquan ? were collected, as well as the blood glucose monitoring information uploaded quarterly after registration. Children were divided into low education group (middle school or below) and high education group (junior college or above) according to their parents′ education level. Blood glucose levels were compared between the two groups at different time points. Spearman correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the correlation between blood glucose level and parents′ education level in children with T1DM. Results:A total of 2 263 eligible children with T1DM were included and 1 246 were female (55.1%). The median age was 7.9(4.4, 11.4)years and T1DM duration was 0.07(0.02, 0.46)years. Among them, 1 513 cases were in the low-education group while 750 cases were in the high-education group. Within three years after registration, the glucose levels of each interval in the low-education group were increasing gradually (all P<0.05 except post-breakfast glucose). The glucose levels of each interval in the high-education group in the third year were lower than those in the low-education group (all P<0.05 except nocturnal glucose). The result of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that after the adjustment of factors including T1DM duration and treatment, parental educational levels were still the separate related factors of premeal glucose, bedtime glucose and nocturnal glucose (premeal glucose: OR=0.385, 95% CI: 0.164-0.874, P=0.025; bedtime glucose: OR=0.444, 95% CI: 0.204-0.949, P=0.038; nocturnal glucose: OR=0.226, 95% CI: 0.582-0.747, P=0.020). Conclusions:The blood glucose levels of children with T1DM were negatively associated with parental educational levels. It is suggested that parental educational levels should be taken into consideration in the management of T1DM for children.

Awareness And Belief Regarding Breast Cancer Among Women Living In Selangor, Malaysia

@#Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among women. The aim of the current study was to assess the factors affecting awareness and beliefs regarding breast cancer, among women living in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among women living in Selangor aged 18 to 65 years old, with a total of 483 participants. A validated questionnaire regarding awareness and belief was used. The questionnaires consist of 25 questions comprising of socio-demographic, history of other diseases, awareness and belief. The prevalence of poor awareness among women was 63.4%. while the poor level of belief was 84.7%. There was a significant association between awareness and educational background, family history of breast cancer (P=0.001, P=0.032) respectively. The association between awareness and belief was significant (P=0.02). As a conclusion: There is a high level of poor belief and poor awareness among women in Selangor, Malaysia regarding breast cancer. Source of information such as the internet plays a major role in breast cancer prevention, and the majority of them do not know the technique of breast self-examination. More health promotion is needed to target general population through big campaign of awareness.

Relationship between educational level and long-term changes of body weight and waist circumference in adults in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To evaluate the association of educational level with anthropometric measurements at different adult stages and their long-term changes in adults who participated in the second re-survey of China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB).Methods The present study excluded participants who were aged ＞65 years,with incomplete or extreme measurement values,or with major chronic diseases at baseline survey or re-survey.The weight at age 25 years was self-reported.Body height,body weight and waist circumference at baseline survey (2004-2008) and re-survey (2013-2014) were analyzed.Results The present study included 3 427 men and 6 320 women.Both body weight and waist circumference (WC) increased with age.From age 25 years to baseline survey (mean age 45.2 ± 6.5),the mean weight change per 5-year was (1.70 ± 2.63) kg for men and (1.27 ± 2.10) kg for women.From baseline survey to re-survey (53.2± 6.5),the mean changes per 5-year for body weight were (1.12±2.61) kg for men and 0.90±2.54) kg for women;and that for WC was (3.20±3.79) cm for men and (3.83 ± 3.85) cm for women.Among women,low educational level was consistently associated with higher body mass index (BMI) and WC at age 25 years,baseline survey and re-survey.Among men,low educational level was associated with higher BMI at age 25 years.At baseline survey and re-survey,the educational level in men was not statistically associated with BMI;but men who completed junior or senior high school showed slight higher WC and increase of WC from baseline survey to re-survey than other male participants.Conclusions Body weight and WC increased with age for both men and women.The associations of educational level with BMI and WC were different between men and women.

Relationship between educational level and long-term changes of body weight and waist circumference in adults in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To evaluate the association of educational level with anthropometric measurements at different adult stages and their long-term changes in adults who participated in the second re-survey of China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB).Methods The present study excluded participants who were aged ＞65 years,with incomplete or extreme measurement values,or with major chronic diseases at baseline survey or re-survey.The weight at age 25 years was self-reported.Body height,body weight and waist circumference at baseline survey (2004-2008) and re-survey (2013-2014) were analyzed.Results The present study included 3 427 men and 6 320 women.Both body weight and waist circumference (WC) increased with age.From age 25 years to baseline survey (mean age 45.2 ± 6.5),the mean weight change per 5-year was (1.70 ± 2.63) kg for men and (1.27 ± 2.10) kg for women.From baseline survey to re-survey (53.2± 6.5),the mean changes per 5-year for body weight were (1.12±2.61) kg for men and 0.90±2.54) kg for women;and that for WC was (3.20±3.79) cm for men and (3.83 ± 3.85) cm for women.Among women,low educational level was consistently associated with higher body mass index (BMI) and WC at age 25 years,baseline survey and re-survey.Among men,low educational level was associated with higher BMI at age 25 years.At baseline survey and re-survey,the educational level in men was not statistically associated with BMI;but men who completed junior or senior high school showed slight higher WC and increase of WC from baseline survey to re-survey than other male participants.Conclusions Body weight and WC increased with age for both men and women.The associations of educational level with BMI and WC were different between men and women.

Creencias Irracionales en Estudiantes de Psicología de una Universidad Privada de Lima Metropolitana, según el Nivel de Estudios, Sexo y Lugar de Origen / Irrational Beliefs in Psychology Students of a Private University in Metropolitan Lima, an Analysis by Level of Studies, Sex, and Place of Origin

Resumen La presente investigación plantea que las creencias irracionales descritas por Albert Ellis son afirmaciones anti empíricas que causan un malestar emocional en quienes las poseen. Por ello se busca analizar la presencia de estas en estudiantes de psicología y su asociación con el nivel de estudios, sexo y lugar de origen. Fueron seleccionados 278 estudiantes de una universidad privada de Lima Metropolitana. Se utilizó el Registro de Opiniones de Ellis. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes de psicología presentan la creencia 6 (se debe sentir miedo o ansiedad ante cualquier cosa desconocida o potencialmente peligrosa) de manera sumamente limitante, y las creencias 2 (uno debe ser indefectiblemente competente y casi perfecto en todo) y 8 (se necesita contar con algo más grande y fuerte que uno) de manera posiblemente limitante. Por otro lado, se encontró asociación con el nivel de estudios de las creencias 3 (ciertas personas son malas y deberían ser castigadas) y 8, donde, a mayor nivel de estudios, menos creencias. También se verifica asociación entre las creencias irracionales 1 (para un adulto es necesario tener el cariño y la aprobación de sus semejantes, familia y amigos), 3 y 10 (la felicidad aumenta con la inactividad) con sexo.

Abstract The research suggests that Albert Ellis irrational beliefs are antiempirical statements that cause emotional distress in people who possess them. In his theory A B C, argues that what we feel is not based on what happens around us, but on how we interpret that reality. Then, A would become the event that occurs, B the interpretation we make, and C the emotional and behavioral consequence. From this, Albert Ellis groups this idea generating ten final irrational beliefs and creates an instrument to measure them called Registro de Opiniones, which has 100 items, 10 for each of the beliefs. That is why I attempt to analyze the presence of irrational beliefs in psychology students and their correlation with educational level, sex and place of origin. I selected 282 university students getting their BA in psychology at a private university in Lima Metropolitana. The Albert Ellis Inventory, Registro de Opiniones, was applied after obtaining written informed consent. The hypothesis was that there is a correlation between the irrational beliefs of the students and their educational level, sex and place of origin. The results showed than psychology students that the sixth irrational belief is found in an (it should feel fear or anxiety to any unknown, uncertain or potentially dangerous thing) extremely limited way. Belief number 2 (must be unfailingly competent and almost perfect in everything I undertake) and 8 (you need to have something bigger and stronger than oneself) were found in a possibly limiting manner. Beliefs number 3 and 8 were found in a correlating manner with education level. Seeming that as higher level of education less strength of the belief. There was also an association between irrational beliefs 1 (for an adult is absolutely necessary to have the love and approval of their peers, family and friends), 3 and 10 (happiness increases with inactivity, passivity and leisure undefined) with sex. Finally, no association was found between irrational beliefs and place of origin.

Influence of age and education on the processing of clustering and switching in verbal fluency tasks / Influência da idade e da escolaridade nos processos de agrupamento e alternância em tarefas de fluência verbal

ABSTRACT Verbal fluency (VF) is a widely used tool in neuropsychological assessment. Objective: We aimed to investigate the influence of age and educational level on clustering and switching in three VF modalities: phonemic (PVF), semantic (SVF) and unconstrained (UVF). We evaluated type of cluster, mean cluster size, and quantity of clusters, intersections, and returns. A total of 260 healthy subjects were assessed. Methods: Participants were divided into three age groups: young adults (18 to 39 years), middle-aged adults (40 to 59 years) and older adults (60 to 80 years) and into two groups of educational level: 1-8 years (low), 9 years or more (high). A two-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to analyze the effect of age and educational level and its interactions. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed to verify the performance during the task. Results: A main effect of age was detected on the UVF and SVF scores for total switches, taxonomic clusters, and for the total semantic clusters on the SVF. There was a greater effect of educational level on total switches (UVF, PFV and SVF), taxonomic clusters (UVF and SVF), thematic clusters and total semantic cluster (UVF), phonemic and mixed clusters (PVF), mean cluster size (UVF and SVF) and intersections (SVF). Educational level had a greater effect on all three VF tasks.

RESUMO Fluência verbal (FV) são ferramentas amplamente utilizadas na avaliação neuropsicológica. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi investigar a influência da idade e do nível de escolaridade no agrupamento e alternância em três modalidades de fluência verbal: fonêmica (FVF), semântica (FVS) e livre (FVL). Métodos: Avaliamos o tipo, tamanho médio e quantidade de agrupamentos, alternâncias, intersecções e retornos. Foram divididos 260 indivíduos, em três grupos etários: jovens adultos (18 a 39 anos), adultos de idade intermediária (40 a 59 anos) e idosos (60 a 80 anos) e dois grupos de escolaridade 1-8 (baixa), 9 ou mais (alto). Uma análise ANOVA de dois fatores foi conduzida para analisar o efeito da idade e do nível educacional e suas interações, além de uma ANOVA de medidas repetidas para verificar o desempenho ao longo da tarefa. Resultados: Encontrou-se efeito principal da idade nas tarefas de FVL e FVS nos seguintes escores: total de alternâncias, agrupamento taxonômicos e no total de agrupamentos semânticos na FVS. Houve um efeito principal do nível educacional no total de alternâncias (FVL, FVF e FVS), agrupamento taxonômicos (FVL e FVS), agrupamento temáticos e cluster semântico total (FVL), clusters fonêmicos e mistos (FVF), tamanho médio de cluster (FVL e FVS) e, finalmente, interseções (FVS). O nível educacional teve efeito maior nas três tarefas de FV.

Evaluación cognitiva de niños: un estudio comparativo en San Luis, Argentina / Cognitive Evaluation of Children: a Comparative Study in San Luis, Argentina

Resumen En la provincia de San Luis (Argentina), se desarrollaron dos estudios con el propósito de conocer la incidencia de factores socioambientales en el desarrollo cognitivo de los niños. En la primera investigación se trabajó con una muestra de niños de alto riesgo entre 6 y 12 meses y, en la segunda, con una muestra de niños sanos de 6 a 9 años. Las evaluaciones cognitivas se llevaron a cabo mediante la aplicación de la Escala Argentina de Inteligencia Sensorio Motriz (EAIS) en la primera investigación y la versión argentina de la Escala de Inteligencia de Wechsler (WISC-IV) en la segunda. Los resultados reflejan que la variable ambiental nivel educativo materno incide en el rendimiento cognitivo alcanzado por los niños de 6 a 9 años, porque a medida en que aumenta la escolaridad materna mejoran los percentiles obtenidos por sus hijos. Sin embargo, no ocurre lo mismo en los bebés evaluados entre los 6 y los 12 meses de vida. Como conclusión, se remarca la importancia de los primeros años de vida en el crecimiento, la maduración y el desarrollo posterior del niño, así como el impacto que el medio familiar, cultural y social puede tener sobre los mismos. Además, se entiende al desarrollo cognitivo como un proceso multideterminado por aspectos subjetivos, ambientales, históricos-sociales y genéticos, entre otros.

Abstract Preliminary results are presented from two studies carried out in the province of San Luis, Argentina in which cognitive development in children was evaluated. A sample of high-risk children between 6 and 12 months of age was used in the first study, and in the second a sample of healthy children aged 6-9 years was used. Cognitive assessments were carried out by applying the Argentine Sensory-Motor Intelligence Scale (EAIS) in the first study and the Argentine version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISC-IV) in the second study. The aim of this work is to discern what factors can affect cognitive development in children. The results reflect that the environmental variable, maternal educational level, affects the cognitive performance achieved by children from 6 to 9 years of age, since as maternal schooling increases the percentiles obtained by their children also rise. However, this was not the case in those infants evaluated between 6 and 12 months of age. We conclude about the importance of early life in growth, maturation and subsequent child development and the impact that family, cultural and social environments may have on them. Cognitive development is understood as a multi-determined process with subjective, environmental, historical and social and genetic aspects, among others.

The influence of education on performance of adults on the Clock Drawing Test / A influência da escolaridade no desempenho de adultos no teste do desenho do relógio

ABSTRACT. The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is an important instrument for screening individuals suspected of having cognitive impairment. Objective: To determine the influence of education on the performance of healthy adults on the CDT. Methods: A total of 121 drawings by healthy adults without neurological complaints or impairments were analysed. Participants were stratified by educational level into 4 subgroups: 27 illiterate adults, 34 individuals with 1-4 years of formal education, 30 with 5-11 years, and 30 adults with >11 years' formal education. Scores on the CDT were analyzed based on a scale of 1-10 points according to the criteria of Sunderland et al. (1989).¹ The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to compare the different education groups. Tukey's multiple comparisons test was used when a significant factor was found. Results: Although scores were higher with greater education, statistically significant differences on the CDT were found only between the illiterate and other educated groups. Conclusion: The CDT proved especially difficult for illiterate individuals, who had lower scores. These results suggest that this screening test is suitable for assessing mainly visuoconstructional praxis and providing an overall impression of cognitive function among individuals, independently of years of education.

RESUMO. O Teste do Desenho do Relógio (TDR) é um instrumento importante para rastrear indivíduos com suspeita de alterações cognitivas. Objetivo: Verificar a influência da variável sociodemográfica escolaridade no desempenho de adultos saudáveis no TDR. Métodos: Foram analisados os desenhos de 121 adultos saudáveis sem queixas e/ou alterações neurológicas, distribuídos em 4 subgrupos, a partir de quatro níveis de escolaridade: 27 adultos analfabetos, 34 adultos com 1-4 anos de estudo formal, 30 adultos com 5-11 anos de estudo formal, 30 adultos com >11 anos de estudo formal. Os desenhos obtidos foram analisados segundo os critérios propostos por Sunderland et all (1989),¹ com uma escala que variou de 1 a 10 pontos. A comparação dos grupos segundo a escolaridade foi feita utilizando-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido do teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey para verificar onde as diferenças se deram. Resultados: Apesar dos escores terem aumentado conforme a escolaridade, foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes apenas entre analfabetos e os demais grupos no TDR. Conclusão: O desempenho dos indivíduos melhorou de acordo com a escolaridade, porém o TDR não sofreu forte influência da escolaridade em sua aplicação, exceto para indivíduos analfabetos, que apresentaram escores diminuídos. Deste modo, acredita-se que o teste pode ser utilizado na avaliação da praxia visuo-construtiva em indivíduos independentemente dos anos de escolarização.

Potential interaction effect on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder between mother's educational level and preschoolers' dietary pattern / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the interaction effect between mother's educational level and preschoolers' dietary pattern on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods In 2014,there were 16 439 children aged 3-6 years old from 91 kindergartens in Ma'anshan municipality of China.A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and the 10-item Chinese version of the Conners' Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire (C-ASQ) were administered to assess the usual dietary intake and symptoms on ADHD.Social-demographic information was collected through questionnaires.Unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the multiplication interaction effect between mother's educational level and preschoolers' dietary pattern on ADHD.Excel software was used to analyze the additive interaction effect of mother's educational level and preschoolers' dietary pattern on ADHD.Results Results showed that factors as:mother's low educational level [aOR=1.31 (1.13-1.52)],scores related to preschoolers in the top quintile of "food processing" [aOR=l.31 (1.16-1.48)] and "snack" [aOR=l.45 (1.29-1.63)]patterns showed greater odds while preschoolers in the top quintile of "vegetarian" [aOR=0.80 (0.71-0.90)] showed less odds for having ADHD symptoms.Both multiplication and additive interactions were observed between mothers with less education.The processed dietary patterns (OR=1.17,95％CI:1.11-1.25),relative excess risk of interaction (RERI),attributable proportion (AP) and the interaction index (SI)appeared as 0.21,0.13 and 1.47,respectively.Multiplication interaction was observed between levels of mother's low education and the snack dietary pattern (OR=1.21,95％CI:1.14-1.29),with RERI,AP and SI as 0.49,0.26 and 2.36,respectively.However,neither multiplication interaction or additive interaction was noticed between levels of mother's low education and the vegetarian dietary pattern (OR=0.97,95％CI:0.92-1.03),with RERI,AP and SI as 0.09,0.05 and 1.15,respectively.Conclusions Levels of mother's low education presented a risk factor for ADHD symptoms in preschool children.Both multiplication interaction and additive interaction were observed between mother's low education levels and the processed dietary pattern.Multiplication interaction was noticed between mother's education levels and the snack dietary pattern but not with the vegetarian dietary pattern.

Potential interaction effect on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder between mother's educational level and preschoolers' dietary pattern / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the interaction effect between mother's educational level and preschoolers' dietary pattern on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods In 2014,there were 16 439 children aged 3-6 years old from 91 kindergartens in Ma'anshan municipality of China.A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and the 10-item Chinese version of the Conners' Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire (C-ASQ) were administered to assess the usual dietary intake and symptoms on ADHD.Social-demographic information was collected through questionnaires.Unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the multiplication interaction effect between mother's educational level and preschoolers' dietary pattern on ADHD.Excel software was used to analyze the additive interaction effect of mother's educational level and preschoolers' dietary pattern on ADHD.Results Results showed that factors as:mother's low educational level [aOR=1.31 (1.13-1.52)],scores related to preschoolers in the top quintile of "food processing" [aOR=l.31 (1.16-1.48)] and "snack" [aOR=l.45 (1.29-1.63)]patterns showed greater odds while preschoolers in the top quintile of "vegetarian" [aOR=0.80 (0.71-0.90)] showed less odds for having ADHD symptoms.Both multiplication and additive interactions were observed between mothers with less education.The processed dietary patterns (OR=1.17,95％CI:1.11-1.25),relative excess risk of interaction (RERI),attributable proportion (AP) and the interaction index (SI)appeared as 0.21,0.13 and 1.47,respectively.Multiplication interaction was observed between levels of mother's low education and the snack dietary pattern (OR=1.21,95％CI:1.14-1.29),with RERI,AP and SI as 0.49,0.26 and 2.36,respectively.However,neither multiplication interaction or additive interaction was noticed between levels of mother's low education and the vegetarian dietary pattern (OR=0.97,95％CI:0.92-1.03),with RERI,AP and SI as 0.09,0.05 and 1.15,respectively.Conclusions Levels of mother's low education presented a risk factor for ADHD symptoms in preschool children.Both multiplication interaction and additive interaction were observed between mother's low education levels and the processed dietary pattern.Multiplication interaction was noticed between mother's education levels and the snack dietary pattern but not with the vegetarian dietary pattern.

Efectos del género y la educación en la felicidad en adultos argentinos / Effects of gender and education on happiness in Argentinian adults

La felicidad se conceptualiza como una emoción positiva centrada en el presente, muy deseable pero difícil de conseguir. Para estimarla se aplicó la versión argentina de la Escala de Felicidad de Lima de Alarcón (2006) compuesta de tres dimensiones: Sentido de la Vida Perspectiva Externa (SVPE), Sentido de la Vida Perspectiva Interna (SVPI) y Satisfacción con la Vida (SCV). Se seleccionaron tres muestras independientes de 200 individuos cada una (50% mujeres) considerando diferentes niveles educativos -desde secundario completo hasta universitario completo-. Se realizó un análisis de la varianza (ANOVA) de dos vías en cada dimensión considerando como factores fijos el género y el nivel educativo. En las tres dimensiones la interacción entre tener un mayor nivel educativo y ser del género femenino favoreció en forma significativa los mayores puntajes de felicidad (SVPE, F = 4.14, p = .02, η2 parcial = .014; SVPI, F=2.34,p=.09,η2 parcial=.008;SCV,F=3.34,p=.04, η2 parcial = .011). En SVPE y SVPI un mayor nivel educativo por sí mismo tuvo como efecto puntajes de felicidad más altos (SVPE, F = 4.12, p = .02, η2 parcial = .014; SVPI, F = 4.24, p = .02; η2 parcial = .014), mientras que en SCV fue pertenecer al género femenino el factor que aumentó en forma significativa los niveles de felicidad (F = 3.03, p = .08, η2 parcial = .005).

Happiness is defined as a positive emotion focusing on the present, which is highly desirable but difficult to achieve. To estimate the level of happiness in adults, we used the Argentinian version of the Happiness Scale of Lima (EFL, Alarcón, 2006). The EFL measures three dimensions: External Perspective of Sense of Life (SVPE), Internal Perspective of Sense of Life (SVPI) and Life Satisfaction (SCV). Three independent samples of 200 individuals each (50% female) were selected considering different educational levels (from high school graduates to college graduates). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to each dimension taking into account gender and educational level as fixed factors. In all three dimensions, the interaction between having a higher educational level and being female favored significantly the highest scores of happiness (SVPE, F = 4.14, p = .02, partial η2 = .014; SVPI, F = 2.34, p = .09, partial η2 = .008; SCV, F = 3.34, p = .04, partial η2 = .011). A higher level of education by itself resulted in SVPE and SVPI higher happiness scores (SVPE, F = 4.12, p = .02, partial η2 = .014; SVPI, F = 4.24, p = .02; partial η2 = .014), whereas being female was the factor that significantly increased the levels of SCV happiness (F = 3.03, p = .08, partial η2 = .005).

High frequency of silent brain infarcts associated with cognitive deficits in an economically disadvantaged population

OBJECTIVE: Using magnetic resonance imaging, we aimed to assess the presence of silent brain vascular lesions in a sample of apparently healthy elderly individuals who were recruited from an economically disadvantaged urban region (São Paulo, Brazil). We also wished to investigate whether the findings were associated with worse cognitive performance. METHODS: A sample of 250 elderly subjects (66-75 years) without dementia or neuropsychiatric disorders were recruited from predefined census sectors of an economically disadvantaged area of Sao Paulo and received structural magnetic resonance imaging scans and cognitive testing. A high proportion of individuals had very low levels of education (4 years or less, n=185; 21 with no formal education). RESULTS: The prevalence of at least one silent vascular-related cortical or subcortical lesion was 22.8% (95% confidence interval, 17.7-28.5), and the basal ganglia was the most frequently affected site (63.14% of cases). The subgroup with brain infarcts presented significantly lower levels of education than the subgroup with no brain lesions as well as significantly worse current performance in cognitive test domains, including memory and attention (p<0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Silent brain infarcts were present at a substantially high frequency in our elderly sample from an economically disadvantaged urban region and were significantly more prevalent in subjects with lower levels of education. Covert cerebrovascular disease significantly contributes to cognitive deficits, and in the absence of magnetic resonance imaging data, this cognitive impairment may be considered simply related to ageing. Emphatic attention should be paid to potentially deleterious effects of vascular brain lesions in poorly educated elderly individuals from economically disadvantaged environments.

Estilos parentales y su relación con la obesidad en niños de 2 a 8 años de edad / Parenting styles and their relation with obesity in children ages 2 to 8 years

El estilo de autoridad de los padres es un factor relevante a investigar cuando existe obesidad infantil. Por tanto, un primer objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características de los estilos parentales (EP) que utilizan madres de niños con obesidad vs. madres de niños con normopeso; y el segundo fue comparar los EP intragrupo, según escolaridad, ocupación y condición de pareja de la madre. Participaron 58 madres, con hijos de entre dos y ocho años de edad, divididas en dos grupos, de acuerdo con la condición de peso corporal de sus hijos: obesidad vs. normopeso. Las participantes completaron una versión adaptada y validada para población mexicana del Cuestionario de Dimensiones y Estilos Parentales. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos en cuanto a los EP; sin embargo, las madres de niños con normopeso que viven con su pareja y permanecen en el hogar utilizan con mayor frecuencia el estilo autoritativo. Las comparaciones según el nivel educativo no arrojaron diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de utilización de los EP evaluados. Se discuten, por un lado, el papel que juega la cultura como determinante de los EP, y, por otro lado, la capacidad analítica de las categorías de EP evaluados.

The authority style of parents is an important factor to investigate in children with obesity. Therefore the first objective of this study was to describe parenting style (PS) features of mothers with children diagnosed with obesity vs. mothers with normal weight children. The second objective was to compare PS intergroup by educational level, occupation and marital status. A total of 58 mothers with their children aged among two to eight years were divided into two groups according to their children's bodyweight condition: obesity vs. normal weight. Participants completed the Parental Styles Dimensions Questionnaire, this instrument was adapted and validated for Mexican population. Non-statistical differences between groups were found in PS; however mothers of children with normal weight who live with their partner and are housewives use more often the authoritative style. Comparisons between educational level were non statistical different in the frequency of any on the PS assessed. It is discussed, on the one hand, the role of culture as determinant of PS, and on the other hand, the analytical capacity of the categories of all PS evaluated.

Estado nutricional y características sociodemográficas en adolescentes embarazadas del programa alimentario nutricional integral Hospital Regional de Encarnación 2016 / Nutritional status and sociodemographic characteristics in pregnant adolescents of the comprehensive nutritional food program Hospital Regional de Encarnación 2016

Introducción: El estado nutricional de las adolescentes embarazadas influye en la salud de la madre y del hijo. Objetivo: Determinar el estado nutricional y características sociodemográficas en adolescentes embarazadas del Programa Alimentario Nutricional Integral. Hospital Regional de Encarnación 2016. Metodología: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte trasversal con componente analítico. Se utilizaron fichas completas de pacientes embarazadas desde la décima semana de gestación, en el período de enero a diciembre de 2016, considerando los datos de edad, peso, talla, edad gestacional, nivel educativo, ingreso familiar y el diagnóstico nutricional realizado por las tablas de Rosso - Mardones. Resultados: De las 172 fichas utilizadas, el rango etario fue de 12 a 19 años con una mediana de 17 (16,0 ­ 18,0) años, pertenecían a la clasificación de adolescencia temprana el 6% (n= 11) y adolescencia tardía el 94% (n= 161). El nivel educativo predominante fue educación media 39% (n=67) y tercer ciclo de escolar básica 36% (n=62). El ingreso familiar menor a un salario mínimo fue del 63% (n=108), hasta un salario mínimo 37% (n=63). La mediana del peso fue de 58,0 (51,15 ­ 66,0) kg. Una talla promedio de 1.58 ±0.06 m. La mediana de la edad gestacional de ingreso fue de 18 (12 ­ 27) semanas. El estado nutricional de las adolescentes embarazadas evaluadas por Rosso - Mardones presentó 46% bajo peso, 32% adecuado, 13% sobrepeso y 9% obesidad. Conclusiones: De las embarazadas evaluadas al ingreso del Programa Alimentario Nutricional Integral el mayor porcentaje correspondía a bajo peso. No se encontró asociación entre nivel educativo y el estado nutricional, así como tampoco se encontró asociación entre nivel de ingreso y el estado nutricional

Introduction: The nutritional status of adolescents pregnant women influences the health of the mother and the child. Objective: To determine the nutritional status and sociodemographic characteristics of pregnant adolescents women admitted to the PANI program during the year 2016 in the HRE. Methodology: A cross-sectional, observational, cross-sectional study with analytical component and complete records of pregnant patients were used from the tenth week of gestation in the period of January to December 2016, considering data on age, weight, height, gestational age, educational level, and the nutritional diagnosis made by the charts of Rosso - Mardones. Results: Of the 172 medical records used in the 12 to 19 year age range with a median of 17 (16.0 - 18.0) years, 6% (n = 11) and 94% (n=161) belonged to late adolescence and to the early adolescence correspondingly. The predominant educational level was middle education 39% (n = 67) and the third cycle of basic education (36%) (n = 62). Family income less than a minimum wage was of the 63% (and=108), up to a minimum wage of 37% (n = 63). The median weight was 58.0 (51.15 - 66.0) kg. An average size of 1.58 ± 0.06 m. The median gestational age of admission was 18 (12 - 27) weeks. The nutritional status of pregnant adolescents evaluated by Rosso - Mardones charts presented 46% low weight, 32% adequate, 13% overweight, 9% obesity. Conclusions: Of the pregnant women evaluated at the entrance of the Integral Nutritional Feeding Program the highest percentage of correspondence at low weight. The association between educational level and nutritional status was not found, nor was the association between income level and nutritional status found

Influence of age and education on the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) among healthy elderly / Influência da idade e da escolaridade no Teste Comportamental de Memória Rivermead (RBMT) em idosos saudáveis

ABSTRACT. Memory is a cognitive domain extensively evaluated in the neuropsychiatric setting. Assessment tools with appropriate norms for age and educational level are necessary for the proper interpretation of results. Objective: To present normative data for older adults stratified by age and education for the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT). The effect of age and education on the total and sub-test scores was also analyzed. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving a sample of 233 healthy elderly from a third-age group in Porto Alegre with an average age of 70 (SD 7.9) years and 10.7 (SD 4.8) years of education was carried out. The RBMT is considered an ecologically valid memory test, since it includes tasks similar to everyday situations. The sample was stratified into the following age groups: 60-69 years, 70-79 years and > 80 years. The sample was also divided into individuals with < 8 years and ≥ 8 years of education. Pearson's Chi-squared test and Spearman correlations were used. Results: The elderly participants with low educational level had worse performance on all sub-tests, except the Pictures, Messages, Belongings and Orientation. Older elderly performed worse for total RBMT score and on the Face Recognition, Immediate and Delayed Route, Messages and Belongings subtests (p ≤ 0.005). Conclusion: Education and age significantly influenced RBMT scores. Therefore, norms for this test should be stratified according to these factors.

RESUMO. A memória é um domínio cognitivo amplamente avaliado no contexto neuropsiquiátrico. Instrumentos de avaliação adequados com normas por idade e escolaridade são necessárias para interpretação correta dos resultados. Objetivo: Apresentar dados normativos para idosos estratificados por idade e escolaridade para o Teste de Comportamental de Memória Rivermead (RBMT). O efeito da idade e da escolaridade também foi analisado. Métodos: Estudo transversal com uma amostra de 233 idosos saudáveis, provenientes de um grupo de terceira idade do Município de Porto alegre, com média de idade de 70 anos (7,9 DP) e 10,7 (4,8 DP) anos de escolaridade. O RBMT é considerado um teste ecológico de memória, pois inclui tarefas semelhantes a situações cotidianas. A amostra foi dividida em idosos entre 60-69 anos, 70-79 anos e acima de 80 anos. A escolaridade foi dividida entre idosos abaixo de 8 anos e maior ou igual a 8 anos de estudo. Foram utilizados os testes Qui-Quadrado de Pearson e teste de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Os idosos com baixa escolaridade apresentaram pior desempenho em todas as tarefas, exceto no reconhecimento de figuras, envelope, pertence e na orientação. Idosos mais velhos tiveram desempenho inferior no escore total do RBMT e nas tarefas de reconhecimento de faces, no caminho imediato e recente, no recado e pertence (p ≤ 0,005). Conclusão: A escolaridade e a idade influenciam significativamente nos escores do RBMT e as normas para este teste devem ser estratificadas de acordo com estes fatores.

Ausentismo laboral y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en empleados públicos hospitalarios / Workplace absenteeism and cardiovascular risk factors in hospital public health workers / Absenteísmo e fatores de risco cardiovascular em funcionarios de hospitais

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el ausentismo laboral por enfermedad según causalidad y su relación con edad, sexo, nivel de instrucción, ocupación y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en empleados públicos hospitalarios. La cohorte de estudio estuvo constituida por 270 trabajadores de dos hospitales públicos de Posadas, Misiones, seguidos desde el año 2002 al 2012. Se realizaron encuestas personales, mediciones antropométricas, de presión arterial y extracciones sanguíneas para las determinaciones bioquímicas. Se utilizó el modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox, usando como variable dependiente el ausentismo laboral. La Mediana de ausentismo fue de 2 días por año (Percentilo25:0,0-Percentilo75:9,75). Las enfermedades osteoarticulares y la depresión fueron las causas principales. Por análisis individual, los trabajadores ≥45 años Hazard Ratio (HR)= 1,927(p=0,009), sexo femenino HR=5,058 (p=0,002), menor nivel de instrucción HR=1,729 (p=0,028), función de enfermería HR=2,706 (p<0,001), diabetes HR=3,067 (p=0,001) e hipertensión arterial HR=1,909 (p=0,043) se asociaron de forma significativa con el ausentismo. No se observó relación con hipercolesterolemia, tabaquismo y obesidad. Por regresión múltiple, sexo femenino HR=3,585 (p=0,015), ocupación de enfermería HR=2,012 (p=0,007) y diabetes HR=2,533 (p=0,011) permanecieron estadísticamente significativas. Estos hallazgos servirán de sustento a las autoridades hospitalarias para implementar un programa de atención integral dirigido a estos trabajadores.

The aim of this study was to determine absenteeism by sickness as causality and its relation to age, sex, educational level, occupation and cardiovascular risk factors in hospital public health workers. The study cohort consisted of 270 workers of two public hospitals in Posadas, Misiones, followed from 2002 to 2012. Personal surveys were conducted, and anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and blood samples for biochemical measurements were taken. The Cox proportional risks model was used, taking absenteeism as dependent variable. Median absenteeism was two days per year (Percentile25:0,0- Percentile75:9.75). Bone and joint diseases and depression were the main causes. For individual analysis, workers ≥45 years old Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.927 (p=0.009), female HR=5.058 (p=0.002), less educated HR=1.729 (p=0.028), nursing function HR=2.706 (p<0.001), diabetes HR=3.067 (p=0.001) and hypertension HR=1.909 (p=0.043) were significantly associated with absenteeism. No relation to hypercholesterolemia, smoking and obesity was observed. By multiple regression, Female HR=3.585 (p=0.015), nursery occupation HR=2.012 (p=0.007) and diabetes HR=2.533 (p=0.011) remained statistically significant. These findings will serve as a support to hospital authorities to implement a comprehensive care program aimed at these workers.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o absenteísmo no trabalho por doença de acordo com a causalidade e a sua relação com a idade, sexo, nivel de escolaridade, ocupação e fatores de risco cardiovascular em funcionários de hospitais. A coorte de estudo consistiu em 270 trabalhadores de dois hospitais públicos de Posadas, Misiones, com acompanhamento de 2002 até 2012. Foram realizadas enquetes pessoais, medições antropométricas, pressâo arterial e coleta de sangue para as determinações bioquímicas. O modelo de riscos porporcionais de Cox foi utilizado, tendo como variável dependente o absenteísmo no trabalho. A mediana de absenteísmo foi de dois dias por ano (Percentil25:0,0-Percentil75:9,75). As doenças osteoarticulares e a depressâo foram as principais causas. Por análise individual, os trabalhadores ≥45 anos Hazard Ratio (HR)= 1,927 (p=0,009), sexo feminino HR=5,058 (p=0,002), menor nível de escolaridade HR=1,729 (p=0,028), papel de enfermagem HR=2,706 (p<0,001), diabetes HR=3,067 (p=0,001) e hipertensâo HR=1,909 (p=0,043), foram associados de forma significativa com o absenteísmo. Nâo foi observada relação com hipercolesterolemia, tabagismo e obesidade. Utilizando regressâo múltipla, sexo feminino HR=3,585 (p=0,015), papel de enfermagem HR=2,012 (p=0,007) e diabetes HR=2,533 (p=0,011) se mantiveram estatisticamente significativas. Estes resultados servirâo de apoio ás autoridades hospitalares para implementarem um programa de atenção integral encaminhado a estes trabalhadores.

Survey and analysis on professional identity of nursing students in different nations before clinical practice / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the status of professional identity of Xinjiang nursing students and analysis on the differences in different nations and educational levels, so as to provide the basis for nursing professional identity education. Methods By cluster sampling,a total of 626 nursing students of two schools in Xinjiang were surveyed by general information questionnaire and the Professional Identification Scale for nursing students. Results Theprofessional identity level of Xinjiang nursingstudents was in the medium level scored 62.13 ± 12.54. The highest level was Uighur nursing students scored 67.76 ± 10.9, followed by other national nursing studentsscored 59.44 ± 12.99, the lowest level was Han national nursing studentsscored 56.41 ± 11.25 (F=69.654, P<0.05). The highest level of professional identity was secondary school studentsscored 66.71 ± 10.96, followed by junior college studentsscored 59.33 ± 8.23, the lowest level was undergraduate studentsscored 57.32 ± 12.54 (F=49.815, P < 0.05). Conclusions The professional identity of nursing students is not high,and were affected by many factors. It is suggested that nursing educational workers should take various measures to implement nursing students professional emotional education. Nursing teachers should possess higher level of professional identity,and guide students to set up the correct professional identity in various angles.

The Family Influence on the Gestational Age at Booking among Pregnant Women in Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

Introduction: Family plays an important role in health seeking behaviour and education of its members. Educating an individual especially a girl child usually results in improvements in the quality of life because women who attended school often have healthier families and if pregnant they often tend to book for antenatal care early. Objectives: This study is aimed to determine the influence of family type, educational level and occupation of women on the gestational age at booking among pregnant women in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Methodology: The study was a cross-sectional prospective study. It was conducted among antenatal care seekers who presented for booking in the Baptist Medical Centre, Ogbomoso. The study involved consecutive recruitment of pregnant women at the antenatal booking clinic who came for antenatal care at Baptist Medical Centre, Ogbomoso. The pretested questionnaire was used to obtain the following information: Sociodemographic characteristics, family history and history of index pregnancy. Results: A total of 345 pregnant women at the antenatal booking clinic were recruited for the study. The age of the respondents ranged from 16 to 48 years with a mean age of 29.47±5.41 years. Not less than one-half of the subjects who were from monogamous and polygamous home booked at second trimester. A majority of the subjects who had no formal education (11, 73.3%) booked at the third trimester while the majority of the subjects who had post secondary education (56, 60.9%) booked at second trimester (P=0.01). More than one-half of the subjects who were artisans (25, 56.8%) booked at third trimester while most subjects who were civil servants (65, 61.3%) booked at second trimester (P=0.03). Conclusion: Many women in Ogbomoso still book late for antenatal care. Occupation and educational level have a significant influence on the gestational age at booking amongst pregnant women in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. There is need to increase public awareness on the importance of educating a girl child.